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  </header><main class="col-sm-12 col-md-9 col-lg-7" id="content"><div id="g" class="section level1" number="8">
<h1>
<span class="header-section-number">8</span> G<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#g"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h1>

<div id="general-linear-model" class="section level2" number="8.1">
<h2>
<span class="header-section-number">8.1</span> general linear model<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#general-linear-model"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p><dfn>A mathematical model comparing how one or more independent variables affect a continuous dependent variable</dfn></p>
<p>The GLM is a general mathematical framework for expressing relationships among variables that can express or test linear relationships between a numerical <a href="d.html#dependent-variable">dependent variable</a> and any combination of <a href="c.html#categorical">categorical</a> or <a href="c.html#continuous">continuous</a> <a href="i.html#independent-variable">independent variables</a>.</p>

</div>
<div id="generalizability" class="section level2" number="8.2">
<h2>
<span class="header-section-number">8.2</span> generalizability<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#generalizability"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p><dfn>A term referring to the degree to which findings can be readily applied to situations beyond the particular context in which the data were collected.</dfn></p>
<p>In the ideal case, we want our findings to be as generalizable as possible. However, when collecting data, we face limitations in the kinds of people, stimuli, and situations we are able to observe. Findings from a study are not generalizable if they do not apply beyond the context in which they are collected. Subjects, stimuli, tasks, and situations are all factors to consider when assessing the generalizability of a study.</p>

</div>
<div id="geom" class="section level2" number="8.3">
<h2>
<span class="header-section-number">8.3</span> geom<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#geom"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p><dfn>The geometric style in which data are displayed, such as boxplot, density, or histogram.</dfn></p>
<p>In ggplot2, the geoms control how your data are visualised. You can start with the same base plot...</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb111"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="va">gg</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/ggplot2/man/ggplot.html">ggplot</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">mtcars</span>, <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/ggplot2/man/aes.html">aes</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/factor.html">as.factor</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">gear</span><span class="op">)</span>, <span class="va">hp</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">+</span>
  <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/ggplot2/man/labs.html">labs</a></span><span class="op">(</span>x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Number of gears"</span>, 
       y <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Horsepower"</span><span class="op">)</span></code></pre></div>
<p>...and use different geoms to visualise it:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb112"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="va">gg</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/ggplot2/man/geom_boxplot.html">geom_boxplot</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span></code></pre></div>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<span style="display:block;" id="fig:geom-boxplot"></span>
<img src="_main_files/figure-html/geom-boxplot-1.png" alt="Visualisation using geom_boxplot" width="100%"><p class="caption">
Figure 8.1: Visualisation using geom_boxplot
</p>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb113"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="va">gg</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/ggplot2/man/geom_violin.html">geom_violin</a></span><span class="op">(</span><span class="op">)</span></code></pre></div>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<span style="display:block;" id="fig:geom-violin"></span>
<img src="_main_files/figure-html/geom-violin-1.png" alt="Visualisation using geom_violin" width="100%"><p class="caption">
Figure 8.2: Visualisation using geom_violin
</p>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb114"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="va">gg</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/ggplot2/man/stat_summary.html">stat_summary</a></span><span class="op">(</span>geom <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"pointrange"</span><span class="op">)</span></code></pre></div>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<span style="display:block;" id="fig:geom-pointrange"></span>
<img src="_main_files/figure-html/geom-pointrange-1.png" alt="Visualisation using pointrange" width="100%"><p class="caption">
Figure 8.3: Visualisation using pointrange
</p>
</div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb115"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
<code class="sourceCode R"><span class="va">gg</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="fu"><a href="https://rdrr.io/pkg/ggplot2/man/stat_summary.html">stat_summary</a></span><span class="op">(</span>geom <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"crossbar"</span><span class="op">)</span></code></pre></div>
<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<span style="display:block;" id="fig:geom-crossbar"></span>
<img src="_main_files/figure-html/geom-crossbar-1.png" alt="Visualisation using crossbar" width="100%"><p class="caption">
Figure 8.4: Visualisation using crossbar
</p>
</div>

</div>
<div id="git" class="section level2" number="8.4">
<h2>
<span class="header-section-number">8.4</span> git<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#git"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p><dfn>One type of <a href="v.html#version-control">version control</a> software.</dfn></p>
<p><a href="https://debruine.github.io/tutorials/git-and-github.html" target="_blank">Set up git and github</a> with RStudio.</p>

</div>
<div id="github" class="section level2" number="8.5">
<h2>
<span class="header-section-number">8.5</span> github<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#github"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p><dfn>A cloud-based service for storing and sharing your <a href="v.html#version-control">version controlled</a> files.</dfn></p>
<p><a href="https://debruine.github.io/tutorials/git-and-github.html">Set up git and github</a> with RStudio.</p>

</div>
<div id="glm" class="section level2" number="8.6">
<h2>
<span class="header-section-number">8.6</span> glm<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glm"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p><dfn>A mathematical model comparing how one or more independent variables affect a continuous dependent variable</dfn></p>
<p>See <a href="g.html#general-linear-model">general linear model</a></p>

</div>
<div id="global-environment" class="section level2" number="8.7">
<h2>
<span class="header-section-number">8.7</span> global environment<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#global-environment"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p><dfn>The interactive workspace where your script runs</dfn></p>
<p>When you create a variable, it is usually stored in the global environment. You can view this in the environment tab of the top right <a href="p.html#panes">pane</a> of RStudio.</p>
<p>If you create a variable inside of a function, it is usually not accessible outside of that function and you won't see it in the global environment tab.</p>
<p>You don't need to know much about environments to use R until you start developing packages; they are covered in <a href="http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Environments.html" target="_blank">Advanced R</a>.</p>

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<li><a class="nav-link" href="#g"><span class="header-section-number">8</span> G</a></li>
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